Informative Speech Golf Swing - 1053 Words

* Brent Justin Anabeza * Professor Gross * Speech 122 MW * 9-26-12 * Specific Purpose: To teach audience a proper golf swing Outline: Introduction: Attention Material: Question audience, â€Å"Has anyone played golf in here or actually plays golf?† Relate topic to audience: As we get older, we get less active and many people cannot play physical sports or don’t have that stamina that we have at our age to run around and do whatever. Learning a proper golf swing is the stepping stool in the golf world and the beginning of getting into a game that can teach you patience, manners, and relieve your stress. Credibility: I am currently being taught by the head pro and I also have been playing golf for a year now and have†¦show more content†¦From your backswing, , rotate your torso and swing your arms toward the ball to make contact with the ball. B. As you are rotating you want to keep the same spine angle discussed earlier and transfer your weight to your right foot as oppose to your left foot in the backswing. C. Once the ball is hit you do not just stop as most beginners do, you want to follow through. According to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a proper follow through will allow the ball to be hit straight instead of to the right or left. D. To follow through, make sure you are swinging towards the direction you want the ball to go. E. As you are bringing the club up on your follow through, bring the club all the way back behind your and you have now completed your golf swing. Conclusion: Summary This all seems a bit too much to take in but if you go out to the driving rance here and at kennedy golf course or blue rock (where I can you guys free buckets) and follow my steps and practice you should get it in no time. Golfing takes practice and lots of dedication, and it takes golfers years to hit balls consistently. With a correct grip, proper stance and backswing and downswing, practicing to hit a golf balls should be a bit more clearer. Practice and more practice will allow you to become a better golfer and following these steps will only help as far as you choose to get into golf. It may be frustrating at first but once youShow MoreRelatedInformative Essay on Golf717 Words   |  3 Pages2013 An Informative Speech on Golf By: Jamie Schenck I. Introduction a. Golf throughout history has, at its basics, started from men carrying sticks hitting balls on the ground and become a game with extreme depth, excitement, competition, and relaxation. b. Some historians believe that it was the Scottish who invented golf. Although there are two different theories, European history of golf, and Ancient Asian history of golf. c. Two of the most ancient regions golf-like sportsRead MoreSpeech1062 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Name Morgan Van Horn Specific Purpose: To Inform about Dreaming Introduction You are trapped in a dark hole screaming for your life, not knowing where or how you got here. Everything around you is fogy that it all starts to fade away and then you wake up with sweat dripping down your back and your heart racing a mile a minute. Five minutes after this dream about half of its content is forgotten and in 10 minutes 90% of it is gone. AccordingRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesthat the staff have an professional development with working lunch. The working lunch would cut back on staff member not able because of child care or schooling. The working lunch would all me as the owner to bring in outside presentors to give informative data and the lastes technology or ethic laws to help the staff and protect the patient for the best health care at my local for success. The working lunch for workshops or training will be schedule  monthly and suggestion of what food choiceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmanagement textbook, it is important that you understand its distinctive learner-focused features especially the five-step learning model: Skill Assessment, Skill Learning, Skill Analysis, Skill Practice, and Skill Application. You’ll also find informative research on how much managers’ actions impact individual and organizational performance, and the characteristics of effective managers. †¢ Thoughtfully complete the Skill Assessment surveys in each chapter. These diagnostic tools are designed to

The Importance Of Special Education - 894 Words

From personal experience, I did not receive any type of special education but my little cousin, Jonathan, receives services that benefit his education. Before being considered for evaluation, his mother started noticing that he constantly struggled to learn in Pre-K, Kindergarten, and First grade. It was not until First grade she became very concerned and decided to meet with his teacher, in which they both discussed his school progress and grades. After much consideration, my aunt decided to write a referral in order to get Jonathan evaluated. After going through the long evaluation process, it turned out that Jonathan needed special services because he has ADHD. From what I understood from speaking with my aunt about Jonathan, an IEP was†¦show more content†¦My educational experience after 1975 would have been a completely different experience than in the early 70’s. My experience would have been provided with more educational opportunities that enhanced my learning . EAHCA provided students with the right education in which allowed them to excel and show their potential just like any other individual (VIDEO). Some specific issues that were mentioned in the video that intrigued me the most was the limitations that the laws gave to students with disabilities. Essentially this impedes schools from providing education to those who suffered from emotional disturbance, either deaf or blind, and those who had intellectual disabilities (VIDEO). A general connection that I found in the textbook was that in 1969 North Carolina it was an actual crime for parents to demand education for their children with a disability. This ties in with what is mentioned in the video because it comes to show the extreme lengths that states had to go in order to exclude children with disabilities from receiving a proper education. It was not until mid 70’s that Congress actually listened to parents pleas and passed the EAHCA ( TEXTBOOK PG 27). EAHCA made public education free and provided appropriate classroom environments for special needs students (VIDEO). This act made schools who received federal funding t o create programs for those withShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Special Education819 Words   |  4 Pagesthe education of children with respect to their social, emotional and mental development. The class provides an avenue where students can learn several items ranging from managing their emotions, being focused, easily following the given directions and establishing relations with their fellow peers and even the adults. With the increasing number of students and all other factors constant, schools have failed in effectively deal with students who require special education. The special education teachersRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Special Services977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world, and they need to go through a process to help make them the best that they can be. In Special Education there is a 10 step process that is put in place to make sure that students that need that extra help can receive it and have the opportunity to become their best self. The process covers from the beginning of the process which includes identifying if a child qualifies for special education or related services to the end of the process which is the student being evaluated. The processRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesI choose to be a special education teacher for a few reasons. I have grown up with a learning difference, and I know how it feels to be struggling in school. I want to give back to the community that has given me a lot of confidence in life. I enjoy being in a classroom and learning. I love the structure of how a school day runs and how it does not change much. A major in special education is my dream job. The ability to work with children of all special education settings is an amazing experienceRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Classroom985 Words   |  4 PagesMy first day observing in a Special Education classroom I was introduced to a senior who recently suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury. When I was talking with her she seems as â€Å"normal† as you or I must have back in our high school days. While we chatted away I asked her what exactly happened and she told me, she was swinging and cracked her head wide open and one thing lead to another all of a sudden she found herself diagnosed with a severe brain injury. Like I said talking to her and watchingRead MoreThe Importance Of Inclusion For Special Education1154 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Idol (2006) (p.77), â€Å"inclusion is when a student with special learning and/or behavioral needs is educated full time in the general education program. The stud ent with special education needs is attending the general school program, enrolled in age-appropriate classes 100% of the school day† (Idol, 1997, p.4). By enforcing inclusion, special education students are brought out of isolation and placed back into the general education classroom among their peers. This prepares the students forRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDave went through to get to where he did. He had to jump through many hoops to get through college. This made me think about my own experiences when I came to Wilmington College myself. When I first came to the college my focus was to become a special education teacher, but that did not happen. I had to change my whole path and go into social work. Which bothered me in the begging, but once I thought about it for a while and really started to get into the material I knew it was what I was meant to doRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Students With D isabilities899 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial education is considered to be a relatively new field within education, with true recognition of student’s disabilities occurring around the 1900’s (Frost Kersten, 2011). Up until that time, students with disabilities were viewed with superstition and fear. As the public became more passionate about students with disabilities and with the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the stage was set for providing equal opportunities for education of all children. Additional courtRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Curriculum And Instruction Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesKnowledge of Special Education Curriculum and Instruction In this section I will discuss how the principal’s knowledge of special education curriculum and instruction can influence the instructional leadership of the school. When the principal is knowledgeable in special education curriculum and instruction, he/she can provide more thorough understanding to regular education teachers who are striving to provide adequate accommodations. For example, our principal asked the lead special education teacherRead MoreThe Importance Of Education For Children With Special Needs Essay2395 Words   |  10 Pages Education is an important tool that is provided for young children to use in order to prepare themselves for their future, and this opportunity should be done so with the upmost respect and in the best interest of that child. When discussing education for a child, depending on that students needs there are two options, general education or special education. There are many different discussions occurring regarding if a child with spe cial needs should be in a school that allows inclusion. I argueRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Referral Process769 Words   |  4 Pagesqualifies for special education. Many people are involved in the referral process, some of which include the parents of the child, the general education teacher, and the special education teacher. The ultimate goal is to make sure the student is receiving the best accommodations and modifications to be successful in the classroom. As long as this is kept at the forefront of all the parties involved, the child will achieve in school. Every school has a plan in place about how their special education referral

Mghf Free Essays

string(77) " showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS\." Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, even areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Mghf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Huntington’s disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasian populations (Harper et al, 1991). Patients with Huntington’s disease most typically display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntington’s disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases developing in patients younger than 20 years of age or older than 60 years of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993). Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the location of the genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was after another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting transcript 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene. This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntington’s disease it expanded to more than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native cells and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is also a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993). The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters can also act to recruit normal proteins to adhere together as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the toxicity of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004). The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, especially in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001). Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions important for development in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to protect brain cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at level of Bdnf transcription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals. Wild-type huntingtin binds directly to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the toxicity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Presence of only mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001). However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntington’s disease still remains incurable to this day. However, many treatments are available for treatments of its symptoms. Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug currently in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS. You read "Mghf" in category "Essay examples" Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a reduction of 5. 0 units in chorea compared with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntington’s disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing. The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntington’s disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the risk of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntington’s disease seems to lie on several major factors including: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonomy refers to the respect for the individual’s right to make an informed decision about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life. The patients should feel no pressure from physicians or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary information to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed. Beneficience is summarized by the phrase â€Å"first do no harm† (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic information about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may include family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntington’s disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test. If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon confirmation by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated correctly in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well. For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclose any information or they will violate the confidentiality of the patient. Justice simply means equal access to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though Cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntington’s disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals wit h the condition to lead healthy and normal lives (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntington’s disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done? Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntington’s disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the knowledge to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population. Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely large. Similarly, would they still pursue to have a family and children if they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be resolved by following the ethical factors listed before. As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntington’s disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 89: 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986). Huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 4: 398-403. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell. 72: 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature. 306: 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , D’Amato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5733–5737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004). Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62: 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , O’Kusky, J. R. , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntington’s disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81: 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function: alternative approach to Huntington’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 6: 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. Brundin, P. (2003). Huntington’s disease: a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9: 414–420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , Borrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118: 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997). Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90: 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431: 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 70: 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983). Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine. Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 66: 366-72 Huggins, M. , Bloch, M. , Kanani, S. , Quarrell, O. W. , Theilman, J. , Hedrick, A. , Dickens, B. , Lynch, A. , and Hayden, M. (1990). Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: the experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47: 4-12. Lea, D. H. , Williams, J. , and Donahue, M. P. (2005). Ethical issues in genetic testing. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 550:234-240. How to cite Mghf, Essay examples

Qualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change

Question: Discuss about theQualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change. Answer: Social problem. A social issue is any circumstance or mannerism harboring destructive consequences over a large number of individuals and which is in most cases identified as one that calls for immediate attention [1]. The article at this moment in question delves on the social problem of the motivation and decision-making that pushes study participants to the inclusion acceptance in the study. The research goes further to explore the records of exploitative research practices to the indigenous and non-indigenous study participants while participating in some research procedures which has posed a social problem facing past, current and prospective study participants. The research questions addressed by the study are: (a) Whether differences exist between responses of aboriginal and alien research participants, (b) What are the motivating factors to participate in any medical research by both the indigenous and non-indigenous participants, and (c) Whether non-indigenous researchers face more challenges in the field than native researcher when performing study activities on indigenous research participants? The authors connected the research questions to the social problem by doing a secondary research on a previous interviewed research participants and assessed their promptness to their study activities, attitude, and mannerism towards the incorporated activities and researchers. The respondents were divided into two groups; indigenous and non-indigenous community members, with the researchers evaluating each study participator's responses. The driving force of the research was to investigate instances of subject exploitations and approaches likely to appear exploitative. The authors also targetted respondents who had participated in a study investigating on issues ranked as sensitive,' thus their acceptance to participate involved stakes that were at least moderately high. The study concludes with a note that the needs of indigenous people should be prioritized thus making the study a community value-abiding one in its focus [2]. Paradigm adopted. Research has been assigned the description of a systematic investigation (Burns, 1997) as cited by Mackenzie [3] with a research paradigm recorded as the hypothetical fabric, explicit from the theory, and one influencing knowledge interpretation and study [3]. The authors adopted the constructivist paradigm; one where qualitative methods are applied even though quantitative methods can be utilized incorporating interviews, observations and visual data analysis as data collection tools [9]. The paradigm asserted that The reasons and motivation behind an individual response are dependent on whether he/she is an indigenous member of the community or not.' They interrogated persons who had a prior participation in research while failing to disclose the identity of the participants to their first researchers. The study interviewed 36 members from Victoria-Australia on reasons for their involvement in the previous research where a representative sample from each group was absorbed. A physi cal interview was chiefly used on the original participants with telephone interview incorporated depending on a participants availability for interview. The data collected delved on their opinion on; (a) the approach employed by the researchers towards them, (b) their attitude to the study and (c) the motivation they expected from investigators. Though the respondents produced their independent responses, high response similarity was recorded in each group. The sample population selected responded to similar questions, except for indigenous participators who tackled further filter probing. The non-indigenous population was noted to employ minimal attention to the why factors,' unlike their indigenous counterparts. Most non-indigenous participants consented inclusion with the intent of; helping others, individual interests or possessing face value trust in the recruiting medical practitioners [2]. The native participants consented to the study inclusion after careful and insightful thought on the researchers' credibility and the importance of the research to the community. The constructivist paradigm achieved its purpose by collecting study participants individual opinion that is independent of external influence. Population and the sample A study population is a group of people from whom a researcher can legitimately assign the study's conclusions on [8] with the target population being the whole team under interest. Nevertheless, this population is not always accessible, and due to numerous practicalities (funding, time, ethics), the researcher is unable to reach every individual of interest thus a proportion (sample) of it is selected for a study. The studys sample was selected from previous sensitive perceived studies participants in Australia, who were contacted via letters and later interviewed with the consent of their respective researchers. The sample contained 36 members; 24 women and 11 men, of ages between 18 and 70 years. The sample comprised of 28 non-indigenous and eight indigenous participants. Its worth noting the unfortunate situation of the study harboring only eight native participants despite the high effort put into recruitment. The authors speculated this was due to (a) indigenous people failure to identify the studys incident vitality towards their society, (b) lack of trust in the institution carrying out the study; a research university, (c) feelings of involvement burnout and (d) individual and time commitments. The study gave the report dependent on the sample even though small. Conclusively, responses recorded high consistency, exhibiting the thoughtfulness and articulateness of the respondents. The participants agreed to participate in this research mainly because they considered the act beneficial to their community. The authors concluded that the responses adequately represented the populations voice since they held the notion that views given were information-rich. Therefore, there lacked a point of invalidating the findings. Other researchers on qualitative data have highlighted various arguments on the sample size concerning the entire population. Mathematically, a small sample size is a recipe to committing type II error: where the null hypothesis is not rejected when false [8]. However, other literature backs the choice of a small but representative sample size with their explanations; cost likely to be incurred if many respondents are interviewed, e.t.c. The qualitative research, however, seeks in-depth inquiry into every social aspect thus the concept of the sample size does not bear much weight [7] Ethical Issue. In the field of research, ethics can be considered as the protection and confidentiality of interviewees. Ethics promotes cooperation and understanding between researcher and respondents thus efficient information/data sharing and acquisition. The authors upheld ethics by: Gaining the consent of prior researchers thus granting them access their participants (after which they sent invitation letters to the targeted sample), withholding participants identity (those who yielded to the research inclusion). This promoted privacy of the respondent and could serve as a motivation to give more intimate responses to this and future studies. interviewing participants for a duration of 3060 minutes and the audio-recorded interactions were to be passed for afterward transcription only with the member's permission. Letters of invitation consisted of project information and contacts for authenticity. Similar researchers have emphasized the importance of ethics in research; [6] state presence of various reason for upholding it: Norms promote the aims of the review, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error. Measures utilized to ensure ethics were sufficiently simplified, and adequately served towards the respondents prompt information sharing and views outsourcing owing to the long responses given, and line of thoughts articulated. A high number of respondent produced negative views about some of the former researchers evidencing that the authors approach was favorable to the respondents. The research targeted people perceived as vulnerable or requiring particular ethical attention. The issues under the prior investigation were mostly private or sensitive. Having that knowledge and the response effectiveness; this shows the approach used was the most appropriate (It produced a 100% response rate; 36/36 valid responses). Findings. The authors have brought out clear discrepancies between indigenous and non-indigenous research participation. The indigenous participated in the research after considering: (a) benefits of the research to their society, (b) their safety from any involvement in risky situations due to their vulnerability and (c) among others, the researchers truthfulness, reciprocity, and reputation. However, this was contrary to the non-indigenous participants who only assessed face value of investigators' assertation. It is thus important to note that motivation and decision-making processes in indigenous and non-indigenous participants are not necessarily the same. These findings display a tendency of easier exploitation of the non-indigenous participants by opportunistic researchers. The indigenous are unlikely to suffer from such abuse. The deduction also aids future studies to invest in inserting cover letters in all their questionnaires to boost response rate and promote trust. The knowledge a s to why and how participants choose to participate is vital, especially when dealing with people who have had a record of exploitative and harmful research practices. About nearly all indigenous research participators in an urge to promote their response effectiveness, a native researcher should be sought due to a likelihood of shared understanding and expectation. In most instances unwillingness to participate may be fuelled by a respondent anger. The upset feelings can emanate from personal experiences and/or be negatively-intrigue/disturbed [4]. The presence of two distinct groups of respondents poses a significant research problem: selection bias. To tackle the selection bias, a need arises for a "pre-test sensitization" procedure to gauge personal psychology or behavior [5]. It is worth noting the role of protocol when dealing with indigenous research participants. The authors spelled out six values: Spirit and Integrity; Reciprocity; Respect; Equality; Survival and Protection ; and Responsibility. References: University of Minnesota Libraries, 2017; Social Problems: Continuity and change; What is a Social Problem? Gullemin M., Gillam L., Barnard E., Stewart P., Walker H. and Rosenthal D. (2016) Were checking them out: Indigenous and non-Indigenous research participants accounts of deciding to be involved in researchInternational Journal of Equity and Health (15:8). Mackenzie, N. M., Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2): 193-205. Edwards K. M., Haynes E. E. and Rodenhizer-Stampfli K. A., (2016). High School Youths Reactions to Participating in Mixed-Methodological Dating Violence Research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, vol. 11, 3: pp. 220-230. June 15. McCambridge J., Kypri K. and Elbourne D. (2014). Research participation effects: a skeleton in the methodological cupboard. PMC. Journal of clinical epidemiology 67(8): 845849. Resnik D. B., (2015). What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important? National Institute of Environmental health sciences; U.S. Department of health and Environmental Services. Barnett J., Vesileiou K., Thorpe S. and Young T. (2015). Justifying the adequacy of samples in qualitative interview-based studies: Differences between and within journals; Symposium: "Quality in qualitative research and enduring problematics," Qualitative Methodology Forum 27 January 2015, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath. Banerjee A., Chitnis U. B., Jadhay S. L., Bhawalker J. S. and Chaudhury S., (2009). Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors. Industrial Psychiatry Journal 18(2): 127131. Crouch M. and McKenzie H., (2006). The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research. Sage journals; Social Science Information Vol 45, Issue 4.

The Prestige Review Essay Example

The Prestige Review Paper Essay on The Prestige When history is reflected in the form of the book and film, accustomed to find fault with the latter. But we should not jump to conclusions: Bale is now almost the main actor in Hollywood, and Nolan in the list of outstanding directors clearly not in last place. In general, talented, responsible guys, which is confirmed in the Prestige. The book has its advantages, too: mysticism and intrigue in it ten times more. And again a familiar dilemma, what to undertake in the first place. As you know, a book about the hostility of the two magicians. In order not to be torn between them, and not divide them into black and white, the author uses the ubiquitous subjective method diaries. This approach, of course, relies on the fact that the reader will be hard to take someone either side, but it would be the story in the third person, sympathy is not added to the main characters. Worldly wisdom it is clearly not enough, but it would be present in them a little, and the storyline would be quickly exhausted itself. In this case, an obsession with progress, skill powered revenge forces and both strive to outdo each other, but somehow never go flush. The rivalry, of course great, just like the laws of market relations. But experience has shown that when it comes to human relationships the person is degraded. The obsession with life and filled with bright colors of the main characters, but they came so very lopsided. I can not answer the question of whether to admit the ri valry and revenge as the meaning of life, but here it is taken as a given, on which the main characters do not get out. They dug themselves a hole where they put themselves. And when they rodnyaschee feeling any high level for all permissible limits, it was the turn of mysticism. And I believe that it is justified. Without it, everything would be much more basic, and this and other books enough. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prestige Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Prestige Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Prestige Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I am sorry that the review came out muddled.

Ansel Adams essays

Ansel Adams essays Ansel Adams was born on February 20th, 1920 in San Francisco. His dads name was Charles while his moms name was Olive. As a young student Ansel often interrupted his classes because he was unable to stand the confinement of the classroom. His father decided that Ansels formal education was best ended. From that point on Ansel Adams was home-schooled. He learned Greek, the English Classics, algebra and geography. He especially loved geography. In 1916 Ansel was given a gift from his parents while on a family vacation in Yosemite National Park. This very special gift was a Kodak Box Brownie. IT allowed him for the first time ever to record the wondrous images that he already perceived in the natural beauty around him. In 1925 Ansel decides that he wants to be a pianist and buys a grand piano. In 1929 Ansel Adams married Virginia Best and for the first two years of his marriage he wavered between his two possible career choices, music and photography. Ansel decides on taking one of his friends coarse on photography. Once he realized how much people loved his work he joined Willard Van Dyke, Imogen Cunningham, Edward Weston, Henry Swift, Sonya Noskowiak, and Jon Paul Edwards to form f/64, a group dedicated to the concept of photography that looked like photography, not like an imitation of other art forms. Their exhibitions produced a lot of comment although most of it was negative. In March of 1933 Ansel Adams met renowned photographer and patron Alfred Stieglitz, husband of Georgia OKeefe who was the owner of An American Place gallery and a powerful influence on artists of that time. Alfred was impressed with Ansels work and mounted an exhibition for him in November of 1936. Ansel also worked in the commercial field, taking pictures of everything from raisin bread to glassware to bathrobes for a Christmas catalog. It was not his favorite work, but it paid the rent and allowed hi ...

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus - Term Paper Example At the very least, this paper aims to subjugate, criticize and analyse the aesthetic standards of the ancient people in terms of architecture and representations that pertain to worship and religious iconography since these things have played a very vital role in thriving of the artistic culture that time. What seems to be so significant about this paper is it tries to revive to the consciousness of the modern people the importance and contributions of the ancient knowledge and culture that have become one of the guiding conventions of the modern people in generating new concepts and designs related to architecture. At the same time, it tries to highlight the pivotal conditions that surround the architectural design of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the wonders of the Ancient World. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was designed by the architect Chersiphron and is said to be the very first temple built out of marble and the largest Greek temple erected and measures 377 feet long and 180 feet wide (Temple of Artemis). The very first shrine was constructed around 800 B.C.E. and had major reconstructions during the 600 B.C.E., 550 B.C.E. and 356 B.C.E. (unmusem.org). However, during the reconstruction period of the temple, Theodorus, Scopas of Paros became contributing architects for Temple of Artemis (clevelys.co.uk). The Temple of Artemis was erected at the marshy fields of the Ephesus at the Asia Minor (greatbuildings.com). This temple is regarded to be one of the wonders of the ancient world (yousigma.com). Its highlights several conventions of architecture and culture present during the early human times. This architectural edifice is a treasure damaged due to several complexities that have risen during that time. Also, the historical relevance of the temple is crucial to determine the cultural influences that have penetrated the construction of the said majestic

Leader Ship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leader Ship - Essay Example It is very important for any leader to understand what motivates him/her or his/her co-workers (19-21). As a leader I am privileged to poses empathy skills; the ability that helps understand other people’s perceptions and feelings by putting one ‘self in their shoes. It has also helped me understand how change will affect people, and as such helping in making informed decision before making any changes. The other strong leadership skill that I possess is social skills; a very important skill that has enabled me to socialize with other people including my colleagues. Usually, I take interest in my subject’s and colleagues interests including their loved ones and families since they are critical in their lives. There are certain sets of leadership skills that I wish to develop. First, I would wish to develop skills in teaching and coaching since it is very important for a leader to be concerned with the growth and development of his followers or subjects (Leatherman 77). I also wish to develop delegating skills which ideal in understand how to best delegate duties to my co-workers. This is important since it helps create a more confident and comfortable relationship my followers (Leatherman

Divergence Among Eastern European Countries in Economic Performance Essay

Divergence Among Eastern European Countries in Economic Performance - Essay Example This essay provides a thorough analysis of the different economic growth patterns in the Eastern European countries with evaluation of the impact of different factors on the economic development of that countries. Eastern European countries include Serbia, Kosovo, Russia, Czech Republic, Albania, Croatia and several others. These countries are popularly known for their unity in the historical era of communism and due to their locations and political history. Russia was the mainland for the communism and among the Eastern European countries. Communism was a set of governance that dominated the East in comparison to the West which was the USA that employed capitalism. After the world war two, the capitalism and communism ideologies of economic governance emerged. It is due to these two ideologies that the countries in Eastern Europe merged to campaign for the spread of communism in the other parts of the world. One of the reasons that explain the divergence in economic performance in Eastern Europe was the cold war disparities where some countries remained neutral and thus lost no economic bonds with neither of the two superpowers, USA and USSR. Following the loss of resources to other countries, the communists suffered an economic recession after the cold war especially small countries that depended on the great Russia for wealth and funding. However for the countries that remained neutral during the war, they escaped the recession as they would still acquire funds and conduct investments with the allies of USSR. In addition, the government of the Serbians who were the most neutral members of Eastern Europe continued with a stable running of their economic, social and political systems. The Serbians, with help of USA achieved greater heights of economic success compared to the other countries in the East hence the huge difference in the economic performance of the communists and the Serbians. The USSR being a superpower was now inferior to the US after losing the fight over the two ideologies. However, the USSR did not suffer greatly economically as the inferior nations since it still had influence and remnants of resources that were not incorporated in the campaign for communism. Therefore, the USSR and Serbia were at an average situation and the economic recession did not hit them as hard as the other small countries. An additional factor that caused the rift in the economic performance of the Eastern Europe countries is the health systems of the countries. This is a social factor that con tributed greatly of the disparities in economies in that a huge amount of money was invested in the health sector leading to instabilities of the other sectors of the economy. The economy of USSR supported the health and well being of its citizens and those of neighboring countries and consequently funds were shifted and the recession took tall in the country. The diseases of the patients require more medicine and resources in to the health industry which the government could not manage at that instance. Furthermore the smaller countries like Croatia and Kosovo did not handle the Health

Impact of Inequality on Democracy

Impact of Inequality on Democracy Yannick Buitenhuis Inhoud Introduction Inequality r>g as a cause Limiting democracy. Conclusion Introduction Inequality is as old as mankind itself. Think of the difference between the Pharaoh versus the tomb builders; the Caesar versus the proletariat; the King and his nobles versus the peasants; The factory owners versus the labourers; and at the moment, between business(wo)men, CEO’s and (investments) bankers versus lower-income jobs. There has always been some sort of inequality. But how does this inequality between people emerge in the society of our modern history and how will it develop in the future? Capital in the Twenty-first Century by Thomas Piketty, both being praised as being criticised, focuses on this subject of growing inequality between people in our newest century and depicts the origin of this inequality since the beginning of the industrial Revolution. Piketty looks at the outcomes of the modern economical system and attempts to answer different questions considering this and the global dynamics of the distribution of income and wealth on the basis of historical and comparative data, and a theoretical framework (The Economist, 2014; Piketty, 2014, p. 8). Piketty’s outcomes resulted in the following question: Why does inequality grow and how can it affect democracy during the beginning of the twenty-first century? First of all, inequality is discussed and a personal opinion on the subject is given. Subsequently, this paper discussed the work of Piketty on the basis of the introduction of his book. And as last, the relationship between the outcomes of Piketty’s work and the future of democracy is discussed. This all resulted in a conclusion, which links back to the central question. Inequality As mentioned earlier, inequality is not new in our world, and it will not fully disappear. A world without inequality is a utopian view. Inequality can only increase or decrease, but if it becomes centrifugal in one direction, then it becomes a problem and the cause of others. Inequality does not only have an economical dimension, and inequality in these different dimensions can go hand in hand. Economic inequality can for instance lead to other forms of inequality, like social inequality, inequality in opportunity or health. Furthermore, it can come hand in hand with psychological effects (Judge Paterson, 2001, p.6; Scanlon, 2014; Wilkinson, 2011). Other factors that come into play with inequality are the power relations between different actors (Flint Taylor, 2011, pp. 28-32, 40-41). Scanlon (2014) argues that wealthy people in a society where wealth is unequally distributed often end up in control of many aspects of the lives of poorer people. He gives an example of how ownership of a public media outlet can give control over the view of people about themselves, others and society. In the words of Jean Daudrillard, a hyperreality can be created in which one can create an image of the reality for others (Valkenberg, 2012, p. 53). But this can also be applied to the creation of opportunity. Thus, inequality can give some people an undesirable degree of control over others. Inequality is already something in itself, but it makes a difference if this inequality is justified or not. But how and when do you qualify inequality as justified? And where do you draw the boundary between justified or unjustified? This does not have to discourage. Wilkinson (2011) reasons that our mutual inequality and in which interrelation we stand against each other are key factors determining the average wellbeing of societies. So, to strive for less inequality in our society is a noble goal. But how and why does this inequality grows? To find an answer the work of Piketty will be consulted. r>g as a cause Piketty takes a new path with his work concerning economics and the question about unequal wealth distribution among people in societies and its evolution over the long term since the nineteenth century. He uses a clear and logical way of reasoning which is based on a large database, clarified in his introduction. This section will discuss Piketty’s work. The discussion will focus around his findings, and mainly on his idea of r>g. A remark must be made: the discussion limits itself to the introduction of the book, so not his whole work will be discussed. Piketty (2014, pp. 9-12) looks at a longer time span and different time periods to find developments in history. Thereby, he finds some vital insight in two principles of David Ricardo and Karl Marx to understand the twenty-first century. This insight contributes to the acknowledgement of two types of forces, those of convergence and those of divergence. The forces of convergence can become overwhelmed by forces of divergence, pushing towards greater inequality. The most destabilizing forces of divergence are the ones related with the process of accumulation and concentration of wealth when growth (g) is weak and the return on capital (r) high. Piketty formulates this in a short ‘formula’ which makes the situation synoptic: r>g. A situation where risk of divergence is high, because inherited wealth will grow faster than output and income and the concentration of capital can reach extremely high levels (Piketty, 2014, pp. 20-23). This all leads to greater inequality, which can reach levels â€Å"incompatible with the meritocratic values and principles of social justice fundamental to modern democratic societies† (Piketty, 2014, p. 23) contradicting the work of Simon Kuznets and his Kuznets curve, an idea that has long dominated economists (Piketty, 2014, pp. 12-15). Limiting democracy Previously addressed by Piketty was that: inequality can reach levels incompatible with our democracy. But Piketty does not give attention to this relation in his introduction. In this part, the relation between Piketty’s outcomes and the future of democracy will be discussed. How can growing inequality affect democracy? In my opinion, democracy can certainly be affected by growing inequality between people. First, when too much inequality arises can mean that lot of social-economic conflict will stay in the social order. This will be politically expressed in a continuous struggle to eradicate the felt political deficit. Democracy in a fast changing society asks for continuous energy to keep democracy with the current demands. This cannot be reached, because the conflicts are constantly demanding time to be removed. Secondly, in relation with the first point, growing inequality, its social-economic conflicts and the felt political deficit can result in discontent, loss of faith and disillusionment under (a growing group of) people (Caryl, 2014). Democracy cannot fully function without a majority supporting it and its policies. A demand of change will be dominate the public opinion. In a certain way it can be seen as a pendulum, it cannot keep going in one direction, at a certain point it needs to swing back. Thus, in my eyes, democracy cannot work in its optima forma during a time of growing inequality. Conclusion First of all, inequality is not new, but its level can change over time because of forces of convergence and divergence. It is not limited to one dimension and these dimensions of inequality can sometimes go hand in hand. A certain relation between inequality and power relations was also found, possibly resulting in uneven control. The question that was asked in the introduction was as follow: Why does inequality grow and how can it affect democracy during the beginning of the twenty-first century? During the discussion of Piketty’s work the cause of growing inequality during the beginning of the twenty-first century was found. Piketty showed with his idea of r>g that in a time with slow growth and the return on capital high, inherited wealth grows faster than output and income, resulting in more inequality. So, rich people can get even more rich and faster than people with a lesser fortune. As last, democracy cannot work properly when inequality keeps growing. First, because the social-economic conflicts resulting from inequality demand time to be remove, so less time can be spend on the current and changing demands of democracy. Secondly, discontent, loss of faith and disillusionment in the current democracy can prevail under people, resulting in less support and a demand for change. So, resulting from this, one could argue that when inequality in the twenty-first century keeps growing, the current democratic system comes to stand under pressure. References Caryl, C. (2014), Economist Debates Democracy: are worries about the health of democracy today overblown? http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/1055. Last used on: 21 September 2014. Economist, The (2014), The Economist explains: Thomas Piketty’s â€Å"Capital†, summarised in four paragraphs. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/05/economist-explains. Last used on: 18 September, 2014. Flint, C. Taylor, P. (2011), Political Geography: World-Economy, Nation-State and Locality. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Sixth Edition. pp. 28-44. Judge, K. Paterson, I. (2001), Poverty, Income Inequality and Health. Treasury Working Paper Series 1 (29), pp. 1-64. Leeds Gate (2013), Climbing the social ladder – how about even being on the ladder? http://www.leedsgate.co.uk/2013/11/18/climbing-the-social-ladder-how-about-even-being-on-the-ladder/. Last used on: 18 September, 2014. Piketty, T. (2014), Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University. pp. 8-22. Scanlon, T.M. (2014), The 4 Biggest Reasons Why Inequality is Bad for Society. http://ideas.ted.com/2014/06/03/the-4-biggest-reasons-why-inequality-is-bad-for-society/. Last used on: 21 September 2014. Valkenberg, S. (2012), De 20 Beste Ideeà «n van de Filosofie. Filosofie Magazine 20(7-8), pp. 27-57. Wilkinson, R. (2011), How Economic Inequality Harms Societies. https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson. Last used on: 21 September 2014. 1

Seven, The movie Essay -- Film Review Moie Essays

Seven, The movie â€Å"Ernest Hemmingway once wrote, ‘the world is a fine place and worth fighting for,’ I agree with the second part.† The movie Seven ends with that quote stated by Somerset, attempting to justify the many moral dilemmas touched upon by the movie but mainly to bring the character of Somerset and the audience back to the beginning. The symmetry of the characters that the quote creates between the beginning of the movie and the end would have been lost if the director David Fincher would have gone with the original storyboard ending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The beginning sequence does a great deal in showing the audience the personality of the two main characters. It fades in to Somerset’s apartment where we see a medium-long shot of Somerset over the sink. He is not yet ready for work. It cuts to a medium shot of him looking in a mirror, adjusting his tie and collar very meticulously and yet as if he has done this many a time before. The camera shoots the dresser top where Somerset’s personal items (keys, badge, pen, eyeglass case) are set, side-by-side, in order of their importance, in which he picks them up one by one. The camera cuts to the bed, neatly made, where his suit coat lies, precisely placed. He picks a piece of lint we cannot really see off of the coat before putting it on. Somerset has said nothing in this scene and yet we have already deciphered the type of person he is: a very neat, well-organized, meticulous person whose life seems to evolve around routine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With Somerset turning off his lamp, it fades into the darkness of the next scene, focusing on the large man lying face down on the floor dead. It cuts to a long shot of Somerset slowly walking away from the light, looking around the room and stopping to notice what was on the refrigerator. When Somerset asks the other cop if the child saw the crime, the cop rudely replies, What kind of fucking question is that? You know, we’re all gonna be real glad when we get rid of you, Somerset. You know that? It’s always these questions with you. ‘Did the kid see it?’ Who gives a fuck? He’s dead. His wife killed him. Anything else has nothing to do with us. This quote does two important things for the character of Somerset. First, it verifies our ideals of Somerset from the previous scene. His eye for detail entails us to conclude that he is a very skilled detective. It also shows t... ...t coincide with the final ending, creating symmetry that the audience can readily grasp, unlike the storyboard ending. The idea of original sin lies within the characters themselves, forming a bond with the audience that it depicts. Works Consulted: Brown, Royal S. â€Å"Seven.† Cineaste. 22.3 (1996): 44-47. King, Neal. Heroes in Hard Times: Cop Action Movies in the U.S. Philadelphia:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temple University Press, 1999. Macek, Steve. â€Å"Places of Horror: Fincher’s Seven and Fear of the City in Recent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hollywood Film.† College Literature. 26.1 (1999): 80-97. Natoli, Joseph. Speeding to the Millennium: Film and Culture 1993-1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. Rubin, Martin. Thrillers: Genres in American Cinema. New York: Cambridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press, 1999. Se7en. By Andrew Kevin Walker. Dir. David Fincher. With Morgan Freeman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Brad Pitt. New Line, 1995. Supplemental Material (Disc 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DVD-ROM online content. Walker, Andrew Kevin. â€Å"Seven Production Draft Screenplay.† Script-O-Rama.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Online. America Online. 11 Nov. 2001.

Effects of gadgets addiction among teenagers Essay

Hotels and resorts are places for relaxation or recreation; thus they attract visitors for holidays or vacations. Resorts are places, towns or sometimes commercial establishments operated by a single company. It is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short term basis. If before, hotels and resorts only provide basic accommodation— consists only of cottages or a room with a bed— nowadays, it has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control, function hall for events, spa and an in house restaurant. The cost and quality of hotel and resort are usually indicative of the range and types of services available. Due to the enormous increase in tourism worldwide during the last decades of the 20th century, standards especially those of smaller establishments have improve considerably. Today, many systems have used an automation process like using online computer system, due to its efficiency and accuracy. Champ Aqua Farm and Resort is located at 168 Dulong Barrio, Matungao, Bulakan, Bulacan and it offers a resort and reservation of facilities and amenities for the customers. The resort uses manual business transactions with its customers. They are using a manual process in booking, reservations and logging names of customers. The resort has two swimming pools, two function halls, three houses for accommodation (Farm House, Brick House and Summer House), twelve cottages, three floating cottages, one playground, a half-basketball court, one restaurant and two fish ponds. The resort also offers activities such as Fishing, Canoeing, Basketball, and Retreat. They also sell fish like Tilapia, Hito, and Japanese Koi. The purpose of this study is to develop an Online Inquiry and Reservation System for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. It substitutes the manual system with  computerized system. Project Objectives General Objectives The researchers aim to develop an Online Inquiry and Resort Reservation System for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. Specific Objectives 1. To be able to design a homepage for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. 2. To be able to design a log in form and registration form for the guests. 3. To be able to design a reservation form for guests. 4. To be able to design gallery for details about the resort or the property. 5. To determine the design FAQ’s and About Us section for questions, suggestions and other inquiry.

Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway

Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway Before publishing his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926, Ernest Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Toronto Daily Star. Though he thought it was unflattering to see his newspaper stuff compared to his fiction, the line between Hemingways factual and fictional writings was often blurred. As William White notes in his introduction to By-line: Ernest Hemingway (1967), he regularly took pieces he first filed with magazines and newspapers and published them with virtually no change in his own books as short stories. Hemingways famously economical style is already on display in this article from June 1920, an instructional piece (developed by process analysis) on setting up camp and cooking outdoors. Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway Thousands of people will go into the bush this summer to cut the high cost of living. A man who gets his two weeks’ salary while he is on vacation should be able to put those two weeks in fishing and camping and be able to save one week’s salary clear. He ought to be able to sleep comfortably every night, to eat well every day and to return to the city rested and in good condition. But if he goes into the woods with a frying pan, an ignorance of black flies and mosquitoes, and a great and abiding lack of knowledge about cookery, the chances are that his return will be very different. He will come back with enough mosquito bites to make the back of his neck look like a relief map of the Caucasus. His digestion will be wrecked after a valiant battle to assimilate half-cooked or charred grub. And he won’t have had a decent night’s sleep while he has been gone. He will solemnly raise his right hand and inform you that he has joined the grand army of never-agains. The call of the wild may be all right, but it’s a dog’s life. He’s heard the call of the tame with both ears. Waiter, bring him an order of milk toast. In the first place, he overlooked the insects. Black flies, no-see-ums, deer flies, gnats and mosquitoes were instituted by the devil to force people to live in cities where he could get at them better. If it weren’t for them everybody would live in the bush and he would be out of work. It was a rather successful invention. But there are lots of dopes that will counteract the pests. The simplest perhaps is oil of citronella. Two bits’ worth of this purchased at any pharmacist’s will be enough to last for two weeks in the worst fly and mosquito-ridden country. Rub a little on the back of your neck, your forehead, and your wrists before you start fishing, and the blacks and skeeters will shun you. The odor of citronella is not offensive to people. It smells like gun oil. But the bugs do hate it. Oil of pennyroyal and eucalyptol are also much hated by mosquitoes, and with citronella, they form the basis for many proprietary preparations. But it is cheaper and better to buy the straight citronella. Put a little on the mosquito netting that covers the front of your pup tent or canoe tent at night, and you won’t be bothered. To be really rested and get any benefit out of a vacation a man must get a good night’s sleep every night. The first requisite for this is to have plenty of cover. It is twice as cold as you expect it will be in the bush four nights out of five, and a good plan is to take just double the bedding that you think you will need. An old quilt that you can wrap up in is as warm as two blankets. Nearly all outdoor writers rhapsodize over the browse bed. It is all right for the man who knows how to make one and has plenty of time. But in a succession of one-night camps on a canoe trip all you need is level ground for your tent floor and you will sleep all right if you have plenty of covers under you. Take twice as much cover as you think that you will need, and then put two-thirds of it under you. You will sleep warm and get your rest. When it is clear weather you don’t need to pitch your tent if you are only stopping for the night. Drive four stakes at the head of your made-up bed and drape your mosquito bar over that, then you can sleep like a log and laugh at the mosquitoes. Outside of insects and bum sleeping the rock that wrecks most camping trips is cooking. The average tyro’s idea of cooking is to fry everything and fry it good and plenty. Now, a frying pan is a most necessary thing to any trip, but you also need the old stew kettle and the folding reflector baker. A pan of fried trout can’t be bettered and they don’t cost any more than ever. But there is a good and bad way of frying them. The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia. The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening. Put the bacon in and when it is about half cooked lay the trout in the hot grease, dipping them in cornmeal first. Then put the bacon on top of the trout and it will baste them as it slowly cooks. The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers while they are waiting for the trout. With the prepared pancake  flours  you take a cupful of pancake flour and add a cup of water. Mix the water and flour and as soon as the lumps are out it is ready for cooking. Have the skillet hot and keep it well greased. Drop the batter in and as soon as it is done on one side loosen it in the skillet and flip it over. Apple butter, syrup or cinnamon and sugar go well with the cakes. While the crowd  have  taken the edge from their appetites with flapjacks the trout have been cooked and they and the bacon are ready to serve. The trout are crisp outside and firm and pink inside and the bacon is well done- but not too done. If there is anything better than that combination the writer has yet to taste it in a lifetime devoted largely and studiously to eating. The stew kettle will cook your dried apricots when they have resumed their predried plumpness after a night of soaking, it will serve to concoct a mulligan in, and it will cook macaroni. When you are not using it, it should be boiling water for the dishes. In the baker,  mere  man comes into his own, for he can make a pie that to his bush appetite will have it all over the product that mother used to make, like a tent. Men have always believed that there was something mysterious and difficult about making a pie. Here is a great secret. There is nothing to it. We’ve been kidded for years. Any man of average office intelligence can make at least as good a pie as his wife. All there is to a pie is a cup and a half of flour, one-half teaspoonful of salt, one-half cup of lard and cold water. That will make  pie  crust that will bring tears of joy into your camping partner’s eyes. Mix the salt with the flour, work the lard into the flour, make it up into a good workmanlike dough with cold water. Spread some flour on the back of a box or something flat, and pat the dough around a while. Then roll it out with whatever kind of round bottle you prefer. Put a little more lard on the surface of the sheet of dough and then slosh a little flour on and roll it up and then roll it out again with the bottle. Cut out a piece of the rolled out dough big enough to line a pie tin. I like the kind with holes in the bottom. Then put in your dried apples that have soaked all night and been sweetened, or your apricots, or your blueberries, and then take another sheet of the dough and drape it gracefully over the top, soldering it down at the edges with your fingers. Cut a couple of slits in the top dough sheet and prick it a few times with a fork in an artistic manner. Put it in the baker with a good slow fire for forty-five minutes and then take it out and if your pals are Frenchmen they will kiss you. The penalty for knowing how to cook is that the others will make you do all the cooking. It is all right to talk about roughing it in the woods. But the real woodsman is the man who can be really comfortable in the bush. Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway was originally published in the  Toronto Daily Star  on June 26, 1920.

the use of violet by monet essays

the use of violet by monet essays They (the impressionists) have tried to render the walk, the movement, the tremor, the intermingling of passersby......and the vibration of air inundated with light, and just as in the case of the rainbow colourings of the solar rays, they have been able to capture the soft ambiance of a grey day. Indeed the impressionists did focus on the ability to capture an event and much attention was given to the way in which the light constituted the scene. So much so that this investigation into painting light drew to it much controversy in all aspects of the work, one particular aspect of the works that was given a lot of criticism was the fond use of violet and blue hues. The understanding of the impressionist taste for these hues, and the critics dislike in impressionists use is found in understanding the artistic and social climate of the time, by which we shall find that much has to do with the science of colour and perception. The first impressionist exhibition of 1874 is a signpost for the changing ways in which paintings were being bought and sold. The tradition of the salon shows dominance was now being challenged, as the artists found dismay both in the selection process and the overcrowded nature of the display. The artists struggle to gain selection into the salon was made more difficult by the lack of evolution in the style of the selected works, the tradition of the highly polished workman that left no trace of where they had been was the usual choice. These strict definitions of what was acceptable led to the first impressionists being met with much disgust by the critics and general public of the time. Why, was the word on every bodys lips, why did they paint like this? Why did they exhibit what looked much like sketches or studies? Why did they use these colours? It is when we try to answer these questions that we find that much of what the impressionists were trying to achieve was to be fou nd in the sci...

High Mortality Rate - Bostwana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High Mortality Rate - Bostwana - Essay Example Geographical location Botswana is a country located in southern Africa. It is a landlocked country as it is surrounded by four countries which hinder its access to large water bodies such as the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Botswana covers approximately 224,607 square miles. It is located inside the geographical location of the Kalahari Desert. Approximately 73% of the country is a desert as only the eastern portion of the country fall outside Kalahari Desert. The country experiences a semi arid type of climate which consists of warm winters and very hot summers. The topography of Botswana is made up of flat and rolling land. Population The country is scarcely populated because of the large portion covered by the Kalahari Desert. It is made up of a population of 2,003,910 people. The total population of male gender in the country sums up to 1,006,531 while that of the female gender is 997,379. The age structure of the country indicates that the there is low life expectance rate in the nation. Children of age between 0-14 years make up 33.5% of the total population. Young people between the ages of 15-24 years make up 21.9% of the total population. ... Death rate is estimated at 12 per a population of 1000 people. Life expectance in Botswana is highly affected by the high rate of HIV/AIDS infection in the country. The harsh desert conditions have also played a role in the current population radar. Infant mortality is another factor that affects the growth in population of Botswana. The total infant mortality rate in the country is estimated at 10.49 deaths per 1000 live births. The male gender takes the larger potion of infant mortality rate as it is estimated at 11.03 deaths per 1000 live births while the female gender is estimated at 9.94deaths per 1000 births. This analysis shows that the life expectance of Botswana is highly attributed to health practices and health services in the country. AIDS is the major course of death in the country. It was declared a national disaster 2003 after Botswana registered the highest rate of HIV/AIDS victims in Africa. These aspects portray the level of poverty in the country thus leading to po or social amenities and the ability to create public awareness. There are four major ethnic groups that sum ups the total population of Botswana. This include: the Twsana, Kalanga, Basarwa and Kgalagardi. Tswana is the most famous and important tribe in Botswana as it makes 79% of the total population of people in the country. The tribes are rich in culture thus partake cultural activities seriously (Horowitz, 2011). According to the culture of most of the tribes in Botswana, natural home birth is considered the best form of child delivery. This promotes the rate of infant mortality cases in the country as the method is prone to dangerous errors. Child delivery process needs the modern medical facilities to ensure a higher percentage chance of survival for the infant as well as

Case Study on Land Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Land Law - Case Study Example It is stated, in this case, that the property is registered; therefore, the relevant legislation is the LRA, although the original concept of overriding interests was established in the Land Registration Act 1925. Under the 1925 Act, certain overriding interests would only continue until the point at which the land is registered. As Shambles has now been registered, the rules relating to third party interests contained in the LRA must be referred to. The first issue to be considered by Lance is that of Porter's ex- partner, Rina, who has been living in the property for a period of at least five years. On the assumption that Shambles became registered to Porter, after 1st October, 2003 and where the LRA is in force, then the rights attached to Rina will be in accordance with the LRA. The overriding interest of actual occupation existed under the 1925 Act in s70(1)(g). Whilst this old right still exists, it is now subject to the new law as contained in the LRA. Essentially, the overriding interest and the right of a third party in actual occupation will exist where there is actual occupation, at the relevant time, by the owner. This is important, in this case, due to the fact that there may be some debate as to whether or not Rina is, in fact, an actual owner, i.e. legally or beneficially entitled to the property. As Rina is an estranged partner of Porter, Rina may have a valid argument that she has an equitable entitlement to at least part of the property. Recent case law has suggested that, where both parties have contributed in some way to the property, even if it is registered in only one person's name, the court will determine the shares of the property to be held by each party, based on the course of dealings between them1. With this in mind, it would be necessary to consider the relationship between Rina and Porter and whether she could legitimately claim an equitable interest in the property (Abbey & Richards, 2007). On the assumption that Rina can show an equitable interest, she would potentially be able to rely on the actual occupation interest as stated in Schedule 3, Para 2 of the LRA. This right would exist, provided it was not an interest under the Settled Land Act 1925, it was not a deliberate failure to disclose the right and the occupation would have been obvious on a reasonably careful inspection of the land in question at the time of the disposition. Under the provisions in the LRA, there is no precise definition of actual occupation; however, case law previously heard under the 1925 Act is thought to be current and relevant under the LRA2. Under the LRA, Rina will only forfeit the overriding status of her interest, if she would have been reasonably expected to declare her right to Lance. As Lance undertook his own conveyancing, it is unlikely that sufficiently detailed questioning was undertaken in relation to any adults in actual occupation. Moreover, in the absence of such questioning, it is therefore highly likely that Rina will not have sacrificed her overriding status, based on failure to disclose reasonably. Furthermore, as Rina lived in the main property and has done so for 5 years, her presences and actual occupation would be reasonably noticeable to anyone who had made an inspection of the property. The facts suggest that Lance did not actually inspect the property, at all, due to his location in London and had he made a reasonable inspection, he would have been aware of Rina's occupation, prior to

Current role of fire and technology in automobiles, and where the Research Paper

Current role of fire and technology in automobiles, and where the technology is heading - Research Paper Example The role of fire in creating light and heat in the combustion of bodies paved the way for utilization of the most innovative invention of all times, the automobile. Continued over reliance to traditional fuel sources ultimately affects the future of automobiles, particularly in ensuring that they run as efficiently as expected. With all the developments in technology, its functionality and aesthetic value, the fact remains that vehicles consume a vast amount of fuel. In this regard, this essay aims to discuss briefly the current role of fire and technology in automobiles, and where the technology is heading. The following concerns would likewise be addressed: (1) what type of alternative fuel will have the most success meeting transportation needs in the nearby future? Why? (2) How would alternative fuel types evolve in later generations?    Due to the susceptibility for car fires, automobile manufacturers have used the latest developments in technology to ensure that passengers are protected and kept ultimately in safe condition while travelling. In addition, technology is heading for the discovery of cost efficient and safe automobiles utilizing alternative fuels to run them. According to Toyoland (n.d., par. 3), â€Å"there are about half a dozen flammable liquids associated with a vehicle. There are an additional number of flammable solids, or â€Å"solid propellants,† that contribute to fire. There are, depending on the vehicle, any number of hoses and pumps that move flammable materials past hot areas of the engine. Any leak in a hose or pump can pour flammable liquids onto the hot engine block or electrical systems- resulting in a fire.† Elliot (2004) averred that â€Å"about 70 percent of our oil consumption is used for transportation†. The United States is identified as the biggest consumer of oil from among all the countries in the world. The EurActiv Network (2007) identified â€Å"three alternative solutions are seen as promising: biofuels, natural

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Essay Fast-Food Feast Case Study Whitney Reichert Grand Canyon University MGT 655 Fast-Food Feast Case Study 1/9/13 Visit at least two different fast-food restaurants that make hamburgers and observe the basic differences in the following processes: How are in store orders taken How are the hamburgers prepared How are special orders handled How are the burgers cooked How are the burgers assembled Is a microwave used How are other items such as fires and drinks handled The two fast-food restaurants that I visited were McDonalds and In-and Out. The main differences that I found between the two restaurants were freshness and customer service. When in comes to in store orders at McDonalds, you wait in line to place your order. It seems to be not as customer service driven. You give them your order, which seems to be informal, and not that personable. You pay and stand off to the side until they call your order. They announce your order is ready by saying your order out loud, for example number 2 with a diet coke, without your name attached. At McDonald’s the hamburgers are prepared from frozen possessed meat, they then they cook the meat on the grill. As far as special orders go you must tell the cashier exactly what you don’t want because the burgers come as they are. The cashier then inputs the data into the computer, which then in turn allows the kitchen to make the arrangements. The employees in the kitchen then prepare the burgers; they utilize somewhat of an assembly line to make sure the right ingredients get put on the right burger. With McDonalds you do not have full visibility of the kitchen staff preparing the food. While at McDonalds I did not see a Microwave used. When it comes to fries, McDonalds has their fries frozen in a large plastic bag they then cook them in oil. With drinks you serve your self. When I went into In and Out it was a little different of an experience, and seemed more personable. The orders here are taken similar to McDonalds, but they take your name and give you a number, you wait off to the side and they then call your name and number aloud. The hamburgers at In and Out are grilled using higher quality meat, without preservatives, and they utilize local beef distributors. When it comes to special orders, it seems every order at In and Out is a special order. They ask you exactly what you want, where’s McDonalds doesn’t ask you exactly what you want, they just assume and you must be the one who asks for changes. The cashier then inputs the data into the computer, which then in turn allows the kitchen to make the arrangements. The burgers are cooked on a grill just like McDonalds. When it comes to the assembly, In and Out also utilize somewhat of an assembly line to add ingredients. In and Out uses fresh ingredients, the kitchen is open and you can see the employees making the food right in front of you. As far as I saw, a microwave was not used. As for fries, they use fresh potatoes with out preservatives, instead of bagged fries. As far as drinks goes at In and Out you also serve yourself. This assignment was quite interesting, I would defiantly choose In and Out over McDonalds. They have fresh ingredients, you can have it your way, and the experience is more personable.

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay In Vietnam, English is now the most popular foreign language and anyone who would like to integrate themslves into the global society and access the worlds knowlege to be sucessful in life is aware that English competence is one the most important characteristics they need to have. English is seen every where in education, business, entertainment and cultural exchanges. Therefore, English is becoming the main communication language in the country. In light of sociolinguistics development, linguistic researchers have been paying more and more attention to the importance of communication in its social context. The social factors in communication competence have been recognized and studied. These have impacted strongly on teaching and learning the language. English learning is changing basically and positively. Learners of English do not learn English for the sake of learning itself by treating grammatical knowledge primarily and separately but in the belief that it is more important to communicate effectively in the language by sending and receiving messages, creating meaning and negotiating meaning. These lead to the tendency toward which communication competence has recently been enjoying learners great popularity. However, the effectiveness of communication in the target language is still both learners and teachers deepest concern since learners who have already spent significant periods of time on learning the language to co mmunicate as the main goal of their learning but then most of them encounter too many difficulties in communicating in the language. The learning context In Petrovietnam Manpower Training College, where I am working as a teacher of English, students, the subjects of the research, are engineers and graduates who are recruited to work in Petrovietnams projects and plants taking a special training course. They have graduated university with nearly equivalent English language education but have different English proficiency and like almost Vietnamese students, they have been trying to learn English in purpose of communication but find difficult to communicate in the language. At the college, English is taught as one of the main subjects to equip the students with the language that they would need to perform their job. English speaking is attached special importance to and students are expected to be good at communication in all circumstances after finishing the course. To serve these purposes, communicative language teaching Approach (CLT) is applied in teaching these students so that they can particularly improve their communicative skil ls. The rationales and purpose of the research. Communication is interactive. So in pre-intermediate speaking class, students are usually given topics to discuss in groups with the assistant of their teacher before presenting their ideas to the class. These activities aim to get students involved in interpersonal communication or interaction to compensate their lack of practice in the EFL environment. These tasks require the students big effort in trying to understand the others and getting themselves understood using any means at their learning stage. According to my observation, in most situations, students at this level of English proficiency appear to struggle with expressing their thoughts because of their deficiency in linguistic proficiency, general knowledge of the given topics or confidence in using the language. Some of them exert themselves to the utmost to reach their communicative goals by unconsciously or consciously using different strategies to solve their particular communication problems and relatively confident in completing the given task meanwhile the others just keep silent because they do not know what to do to deal with the problems they have during the conversation and they fail to keep most of the conversations going on as they want to. So the purpose of this study is to identify the common communication strategies used by the students to enhance efficiency of communication when they deal with the task of group discussion and the communication strategy use of students of different English proficiency. The research questions. The study is conducted to find out the answers to the following questions: What types of communication strategies are used by Vietnamese students in English speaking class to compensate for their breakdowns in communication and to enhance communicative effectiveness in small group discussion? Do students of different English proficiency employ communication strategies differently? Definitions of key terms. The term communication strategies is simply understand as methods or techniques that language users use to help themselves overcome problems occuring during communication to achieve communicative competence LITERATURE REVIEW Communicative competence The main goal of any language learners is to achieve communicative competence to get the best communication proficiency. According to Canale and Swain (1980), to attain communicative competence, learners need to gain the following perfect knowledge: Grammatical competence which is related to the language knowledge (words and grammar rules) itself. Sociolinguistic competence which is concerned to the ability to use and to interpret the utterances appropriately in different sociolinguistic communication situations. Discourse competence is the ability to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text Strategic competence is the ability of using verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence and to enhance the effectiveness of communication Among the four components that make up communicative competence, strategic competence is likely relating to EFL learners most because of the problems they commonly run into in communication and the communication strategies they usually employ to solve the problems. These strategies are considered extremely important in negotiating meaning where either linguistic structures or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between a second language learner and a speaker of the target language (OMalley Chamot, 1990, p.43). Canale Swain (1980) once confirm that good strategic competence can help leanres with limiting L2 skills evade communication breakdowns. Communication strategies Many researchers have conducted research or studies on communication strategies so far. Consequently, each of them in their own view states different definitions and classifications of communication strategies. Definitions of communication strategies What happens if interlocutors do not understand each other because of their limited language resources? Can they keep their conversation going on when they can not make themselves understood? Cohen (1990, p.56) believes that a major trait of successful speakers is that they use strategies to keep the conversation going on. They use communication strategies. Tarone (1980, p. 419) describes communication strategy as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared. Communication strategies, to Tarones interactional view, are socially-motivated strategies which are used by more than one interlocutors to solve the problems of mutual lack of understanding by negotiating meanings. A communication strategy is simply defined by Corder (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) as a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when faced with some difficulty. According to Faerch and Kasper (1983 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) communication strategies are potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal. More relating to forms of discourse, communication strategies in this definition are psychologically-motivated strategies which are related to mental plans of each interlocutor implemented in response to the problems of expression. Different authors define communication strategies differently. However , most of the definitions show the purpose of communication strategies which is to deal with the problems that the language users face up to when communicating by employing appropriate techniques. Classifications of Communication strategies. In the research on communication strategies, Dornyei, Faerch and Kasper and Tarone introduced their own classifications of communication strategies and their classifications. Dornyei (1995 as cited in Brown, 2000) shows two branches of strategies: negative and positive. Avoidence strategies (negative): topic avoidance and message abandonment Compensatory strategies (positive): circumlocution, approximation,use of all purpose words, word coinage, prefabricated patterns, non-linguistic signal, literal translation, foreignizing, code switch, appeal for help, stalling or time-gaining strategies. Faerch and Kasper (1983) classify communication strategies in to two main categories with their subcategories: Avoidance behavior reduction strategies: Formal reduction: phonological, morphological  , syntactic and lexical. Function reduction: reduction of speech art modality, reduction of propositional context Achievement behavior compensatory strategies. Code switching Interlingual transfer: generalization, paraphrasing, word coinage, restructuring. Cooperative strategies Non-linguistic strategies However, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) seems to be simpler. Tarone classifies communication strategies into the following categories: Avoidance: topic avoidance and message abandonment Paraphrase: approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Conscious transfer: literal translation, language switch Appeal for assistance Mime: Prior research found that all language users used communication strategies consciously or unconsciously. Bialystok observes that communication strategies should be classified according to different cognitive processes and should be seen as a process of language use. I agrees with her at this point because of the fact that as language users, we all know that communication breakdowns may occur with anyone at any time during a conversation and when these problems happen, we all try some ways to get out of the trouble by using some techniques called communication strategies. Besides, Bialystok insists that communicative strategies are used by language user in both L1 and L2, in this view, communicative strategies only reflect the way in which the language processing system extends and adapts to the demands of communication (Lee, 2004). In fact, the communication strategy use occurs during communicating consciously or unconsciously. However, learning and using a language are activities related to cognitive processes so when language learners use the language and the breakdowns come, they are aware of what situation they are in and consciously think of an escape by employing different negative or positive strategies solve the problems like avoiding talking about the topic or concept that they do not know much, leaving the utterance unfinished, using many words to describe , creating new word or switch to their mother tongue when they cannot find the right words to use and et ceteras. So, what exactly do learners do in each communication strategy? In this paper, I would like to focus on the simpler classification, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies but in comparison with the other two of Dornyei and Faerch and Kasper . Avoidance strategies Both Dornyei and Tarone define avoidance strategies in the same way by mainly referring to two substrategies: Message abandonment strategy which is used by learners when they encounters language difficulties. To deal with these unpleasant situations, learners tend to leave their utterance unfinished. Topic avoidance is another strategy learners use when they lack of or forget necessary linguistic knowledge to express their thoughts on the topic. Their language difficulties may related to vocabulary or grammar rules that they do not know or remember. To overcome them, learners keep way from talking about the topic. In my experience of teaching, students of very low proficiency usually use these strategies because of their serious deficiency for the target language instead of using the strategies called compensatory strategies in Dornyeis or Faerch and Kaspers classifications or paraphrase and conscious transfer strategies as Tarone mentions in her typology of conscious communication strategies. Paraphrase Including circumlocution, word coinage and approximation which Faerch and Kasper suggest can promote learning as well Circumlocution strategy Bialystok argues that circumlocution strategy in fact is paraphrasing strategy. In terms of linguistic, the conception of the two strategies are very similar. Both strategies help learners make good use of simpler language or structures they have at their learning stage to convey their thoughts that need more complicated vocabulary and grammar rules to express. Dornyei states that circumlocution is the strategy used by learners when they want to describe something that cannot find the exact word or phrase to use by paraphrasing it. Doing so, they use more words to describe a word in the hope that the listeners can get what they mean by themselves. Approximation strategy Dornyei and Taroneideas meet each other when they name the strategy approximation which Tiono and Sylvia (2004) found to be used the most by students with low communication apprehension and high proficiency in speaking class in Petra Christian University in Surabaya, Indonesia to compensate their failure in retrieving the lexical items they have learned or their deficiency in vocabulary when they are asked to retell a pictorial stories. In the strategy, learners appear to be confident and willing to make mistakes by using an alternative or similar lexical term which they know that is not correct to illustrate the meaning of another word or phrase they aim to refer to. By doing this learners try to make themselves understood by using their limiting vocabulary. Word coinage is another compensatory strategy that learners use when they lack of vocabulary. In this strategy they make up a target language word which is based on the morphological rules that they know well. For example: they know well that worker is a person who works so they create cooker (a person who cooks) from the verb cook. Conscious transfer strategies Literal translation strategy is usually used when the language users share their first language or background. Learners translate a word or an idiom or even a structure from their first language into that of the target language. In my learning context, learners use literal translation mostly when they have difficulties with finding correct collocations for a word. In this case they tend to translate word for word from another language. For example: deep coffee ( which is not stated in dictionary) for strong coffee. However, relating to translating a structure from learners first language, Faerch and Kasper name the strategy Restructuring in which learners reformulate the syntax of their utterance. Language switch strategy or code switch or code switching by Dornyei or Faerch and Kasper In this strategy, learners use lexical terms or sentences from their first language when they cannot find the appropriate ones in the target language to express their thoughts (They insert some words or phrases from their first language). The strategy is also often employed by first language or background shared learners. This strategies may be expected to use the most by the subjects of this study for all of them are Vietnamese and in reality, it is also easy to see this in any of the English class in Vietnam. Appeal for assistance Explicit request is the strategy where learners ask for help from the other people like more advanced learners or teacher by saying How do you sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.? or What is this calledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.?. Referring to dictionary strategy is made use by learners when they need the correct words or structures Mine or Non-verbal communicative strategy also what Dornyei calls non-linguistic signal or Non-linguistic strategy by Faerch and Kasper. In this strategy, learners use non-verbal language like gestures, facial expression or even imitating sounds to express meanings. Mine and message abandonment seem to be coi in Faerch and Kasper in terms of learning. They think that these two strategies cannot help learners with their learning. But as a teacher I share Tarones opinion that in some extent, by using these two strategies, the speaker can get help from the listener to find the appropriate or correct word or structure to express what he or she wants to say. In both teaching and learning context, mine and message abandonment can be positive signals from the learners to interact with their teacher so that they can be taught event while communicating. The review of related studies Many studies and research have been done so far on communication strategies and their findings showed that almost every strategy were used by learners. However what strategies employed were contingent a lot on the task given because different problems would arise depending on different types of task, one -way task or two- way one (Mei Nathalang, 2010). So that the task requires learners different effort and strategies to solve the problems. It is easy to understand this because less interactive activities exist in one -way task like story telling while two- way task like role playing or discussing includes mostly interaction. To deal with one-way task, learners tend to use paraphrase, restructuring and message abandonment since these strategies helps them to make clear the meanings as they try to ensure the listeners comprehension. Whereas to deal with interactive task like doing role play or discussing, learners need to make special effort to negotiate to get communication goals so they cannot simply employ avoidance strategies if they still want their conversation to continue and reach a mutual agreement on what they exactly mean. This agrees with the finding of Dobao Martinezs study of Negotiating Meaning in Interaction between English and Spanish Speakers via Communicative Strategies. The finding revealed that in interaction, when linguistic problems arose, intermediate or advanced EFL learners and their interlocut ors (who were English native speakers or other EFL learners of their level) worked together to find solution by coordinating their use of CS, negotiating meanings to reach a mutual agreement on the learners originally intended meaning. Prior research also showed that the numbers of strategies used by learners were not influenced by their target language proficiency (Ting Phan, 2008). However, concerning to only the numbers of strategies used by learners is not enough in terms of language teaching and learning. Fortunately, the result found in Kwoks study of communication strategies used by Hong kong students in small group discussion (1987) revealed that students were able to make good use of different communication strategies in discussion to make their communication more effective. Moreover, the result also showed that the more the students mastered the communication strategies, the much better they could do in small group discussion. Althought Bialystok believes that we should teach learners language rather than strategy but as a teacher I do argue in favour of implication about teaching strategies to learners from studies of Manchà ³n (1999) and Faucette (2001). In my learning context, the class with both high and low proficiency learners is common. So it is not difficult to recognize types of strategies that different learners use when the language problems arise and the effectiveness of strategy use that the learners achieve in communication thought what is seen in the learning context can be subjectively observed and assessed. So, the study is hopefully an opportunity to confirm the phenomenon through its findings. SHORT CONCLUSION The fact is that learners can frequently run into communication difficulties because of varied reasons related to language problems and all of them find some ways to escape from the trouble they got in. Those ways are called communication strategies. Looking back at the studies and research that have been done on communication strategies so far, some significant pedagogic implication have been recognized. That is communication strategy use can promote learners communicative competence or the confirmation that employing appropriate strategies can enhance communication effectiveness and communication strategy use is teachable. So, what types of communication strategies that can help learners increase communication efficacy should be considered mainly in this paper in the hope that more useful pedagogic implication closely involved English teaching will be found as reference for language teachers to deal better with their job as well as to help their students improve their learning.