Informative Speech Golf Swing - 1053 Words

* Brent Justin Anabeza * Professor Gross * Speech 122 MW * 9-26-12 * Specific Purpose: To teach audience a proper golf swing Outline: Introduction: Attention Material: Question audience, â€Å"Has anyone played golf in here or actually plays golf?† Relate topic to audience: As we get older, we get less active and many people cannot play physical sports or don’t have that stamina that we have at our age to run around and do whatever. Learning a proper golf swing is the stepping stool in the golf world and the beginning of getting into a game that can teach you patience, manners, and relieve your stress. Credibility: I am currently being taught by the head pro and I also have been playing golf for a year now and have†¦show more content†¦From your backswing, , rotate your torso and swing your arms toward the ball to make contact with the ball. B. As you are rotating you want to keep the same spine angle discussed earlier and transfer your weight to your right foot as oppose to your left foot in the backswing. C. Once the ball is hit you do not just stop as most beginners do, you want to follow through. According to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a proper follow through will allow the ball to be hit straight instead of to the right or left. D. To follow through, make sure you are swinging towards the direction you want the ball to go. E. As you are bringing the club up on your follow through, bring the club all the way back behind your and you have now completed your golf swing. Conclusion: Summary This all seems a bit too much to take in but if you go out to the driving rance here and at kennedy golf course or blue rock (where I can you guys free buckets) and follow my steps and practice you should get it in no time. Golfing takes practice and lots of dedication, and it takes golfers years to hit balls consistently. With a correct grip, proper stance and backswing and downswing, practicing to hit a golf balls should be a bit more clearer. Practice and more practice will allow you to become a better golfer and following these steps will only help as far as you choose to get into golf. It may be frustrating at first but once youShow MoreRelatedInformative Essay on Golf717 Words   |  3 Pages2013 An Informative Speech on Golf By: Jamie Schenck I. Introduction a. Golf throughout history has, at its basics, started from men carrying sticks hitting balls on the ground and become a game with extreme depth, excitement, competition, and relaxation. b. Some historians believe that it was the Scottish who invented golf. Although there are two different theories, European history of golf, and Ancient Asian history of golf. c. Two of the most ancient regions golf-like sportsRead MoreSpeech1062 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Name Morgan Van Horn Specific Purpose: To Inform about Dreaming Introduction You are trapped in a dark hole screaming for your life, not knowing where or how you got here. Everything around you is fogy that it all starts to fade away and then you wake up with sweat dripping down your back and your heart racing a mile a minute. Five minutes after this dream about half of its content is forgotten and in 10 minutes 90% of it is gone. AccordingRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesthat the staff have an professional development with working lunch. The working lunch would cut back on staff member not able because of child care or schooling. The working lunch would all me as the owner to bring in outside presentors to give informative data and the lastes technology or ethic laws to help the staff and protect the patient for the best health care at my local for success. The working lunch for workshops or training will be schedule  monthly and suggestion of what food choiceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmanagement textbook, it is important that you understand its distinctive learner-focused features especially the five-step learning model: Skill Assessment, Skill Learning, Skill Analysis, Skill Practice, and Skill Application. You’ll also find informative research on how much managers’ actions impact individual and organizational performance, and the characteristics of effective managers. †¢ Thoughtfully complete the Skill Assessment surveys in each chapter. These diagnostic tools are designed to

The Importance Of Special Education - 894 Words

From personal experience, I did not receive any type of special education but my little cousin, Jonathan, receives services that benefit his education. Before being considered for evaluation, his mother started noticing that he constantly struggled to learn in Pre-K, Kindergarten, and First grade. It was not until First grade she became very concerned and decided to meet with his teacher, in which they both discussed his school progress and grades. After much consideration, my aunt decided to write a referral in order to get Jonathan evaluated. After going through the long evaluation process, it turned out that Jonathan needed special services because he has ADHD. From what I understood from speaking with my aunt about Jonathan, an IEP was†¦show more content†¦My educational experience after 1975 would have been a completely different experience than in the early 70’s. My experience would have been provided with more educational opportunities that enhanced my learning . EAHCA provided students with the right education in which allowed them to excel and show their potential just like any other individual (VIDEO). Some specific issues that were mentioned in the video that intrigued me the most was the limitations that the laws gave to students with disabilities. Essentially this impedes schools from providing education to those who suffered from emotional disturbance, either deaf or blind, and those who had intellectual disabilities (VIDEO). A general connection that I found in the textbook was that in 1969 North Carolina it was an actual crime for parents to demand education for their children with a disability. This ties in with what is mentioned in the video because it comes to show the extreme lengths that states had to go in order to exclude children with disabilities from receiving a proper education. It was not until mid 70’s that Congress actually listened to parents pleas and passed the EAHCA ( TEXTBOOK PG 27). EAHCA made public education free and provided appropriate classroom environments for special needs students (VIDEO). This act made schools who received federal funding t o create programs for those withShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Special Education819 Words   |  4 Pagesthe education of children with respect to their social, emotional and mental development. The class provides an avenue where students can learn several items ranging from managing their emotions, being focused, easily following the given directions and establishing relations with their fellow peers and even the adults. With the increasing number of students and all other factors constant, schools have failed in effectively deal with students who require special education. The special education teachersRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Special Services977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world, and they need to go through a process to help make them the best that they can be. In Special Education there is a 10 step process that is put in place to make sure that students that need that extra help can receive it and have the opportunity to become their best self. The process covers from the beginning of the process which includes identifying if a child qualifies for special education or related services to the end of the process which is the student being evaluated. The processRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesI choose to be a special education teacher for a few reasons. I have grown up with a learning difference, and I know how it feels to be struggling in school. I want to give back to the community that has given me a lot of confidence in life. I enjoy being in a classroom and learning. I love the structure of how a school day runs and how it does not change much. A major in special education is my dream job. The ability to work with children of all special education settings is an amazing experienceRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Classroom985 Words   |  4 PagesMy first day observing in a Special Education classroom I was introduced to a senior who recently suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury. When I was talking with her she seems as â€Å"normal† as you or I must have back in our high school days. While we chatted away I asked her what exactly happened and she told me, she was swinging and cracked her head wide open and one thing lead to another all of a sudden she found herself diagnosed with a severe brain injury. Like I said talking to her and watchingRead MoreThe Importance Of Inclusion For Special Education1154 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Idol (2006) (p.77), â€Å"inclusion is when a student with special learning and/or behavioral needs is educated full time in the general education program. The stud ent with special education needs is attending the general school program, enrolled in age-appropriate classes 100% of the school day† (Idol, 1997, p.4). By enforcing inclusion, special education students are brought out of isolation and placed back into the general education classroom among their peers. This prepares the students forRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDave went through to get to where he did. He had to jump through many hoops to get through college. This made me think about my own experiences when I came to Wilmington College myself. When I first came to the college my focus was to become a special education teacher, but that did not happen. I had to change my whole path and go into social work. Which bothered me in the begging, but once I thought about it for a while and really started to get into the material I knew it was what I was meant to doRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Students With D isabilities899 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial education is considered to be a relatively new field within education, with true recognition of student’s disabilities occurring around the 1900’s (Frost Kersten, 2011). Up until that time, students with disabilities were viewed with superstition and fear. As the public became more passionate about students with disabilities and with the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the stage was set for providing equal opportunities for education of all children. Additional courtRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Curriculum And Instruction Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesKnowledge of Special Education Curriculum and Instruction In this section I will discuss how the principal’s knowledge of special education curriculum and instruction can influence the instructional leadership of the school. When the principal is knowledgeable in special education curriculum and instruction, he/she can provide more thorough understanding to regular education teachers who are striving to provide adequate accommodations. For example, our principal asked the lead special education teacherRead MoreThe Importance Of Education For Children With Special Needs Essay2395 Words   |  10 Pages Education is an important tool that is provided for young children to use in order to prepare themselves for their future, and this opportunity should be done so with the upmost respect and in the best interest of that child. When discussing education for a child, depending on that students needs there are two options, general education or special education. There are many different discussions occurring regarding if a child with spe cial needs should be in a school that allows inclusion. I argueRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Referral Process769 Words   |  4 Pagesqualifies for special education. Many people are involved in the referral process, some of which include the parents of the child, the general education teacher, and the special education teacher. The ultimate goal is to make sure the student is receiving the best accommodations and modifications to be successful in the classroom. As long as this is kept at the forefront of all the parties involved, the child will achieve in school. Every school has a plan in place about how their special education referral

Mghf Free Essays

string(77) " showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS\." Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, even areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Mghf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Huntington’s disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasian populations (Harper et al, 1991). Patients with Huntington’s disease most typically display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntington’s disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases developing in patients younger than 20 years of age or older than 60 years of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993). Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the location of the genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was after another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting transcript 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene. This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntington’s disease it expanded to more than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native cells and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is also a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993). The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters can also act to recruit normal proteins to adhere together as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the toxicity of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004). The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, especially in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001). Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions important for development in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to protect brain cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at level of Bdnf transcription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals. Wild-type huntingtin binds directly to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the toxicity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Presence of only mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001). However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntington’s disease still remains incurable to this day. However, many treatments are available for treatments of its symptoms. Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug currently in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS. You read "Mghf" in category "Essay examples" Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a reduction of 5. 0 units in chorea compared with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntington’s disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing. The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntington’s disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the risk of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntington’s disease seems to lie on several major factors including: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonomy refers to the respect for the individual’s right to make an informed decision about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life. The patients should feel no pressure from physicians or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary information to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed. Beneficience is summarized by the phrase â€Å"first do no harm† (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic information about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may include family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntington’s disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test. If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon confirmation by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated correctly in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well. For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclose any information or they will violate the confidentiality of the patient. Justice simply means equal access to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though Cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntington’s disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals wit h the condition to lead healthy and normal lives (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntington’s disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done? Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntington’s disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the knowledge to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population. Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely large. Similarly, would they still pursue to have a family and children if they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be resolved by following the ethical factors listed before. As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntington’s disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 89: 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986). Huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 4: 398-403. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell. 72: 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature. 306: 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , D’Amato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5733–5737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004). Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62: 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , O’Kusky, J. R. , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntington’s disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81: 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function: alternative approach to Huntington’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 6: 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. Brundin, P. (2003). Huntington’s disease: a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9: 414–420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , Borrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118: 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997). Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90: 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431: 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 70: 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983). Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine. Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 66: 366-72 Huggins, M. , Bloch, M. , Kanani, S. , Quarrell, O. W. , Theilman, J. , Hedrick, A. , Dickens, B. , Lynch, A. , and Hayden, M. (1990). Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: the experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47: 4-12. Lea, D. H. , Williams, J. , and Donahue, M. P. (2005). Ethical issues in genetic testing. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 550:234-240. How to cite Mghf, Essay examples

Qualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change

Question: Discuss about theQualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change. Answer: Social problem. A social issue is any circumstance or mannerism harboring destructive consequences over a large number of individuals and which is in most cases identified as one that calls for immediate attention [1]. The article at this moment in question delves on the social problem of the motivation and decision-making that pushes study participants to the inclusion acceptance in the study. The research goes further to explore the records of exploitative research practices to the indigenous and non-indigenous study participants while participating in some research procedures which has posed a social problem facing past, current and prospective study participants. The research questions addressed by the study are: (a) Whether differences exist between responses of aboriginal and alien research participants, (b) What are the motivating factors to participate in any medical research by both the indigenous and non-indigenous participants, and (c) Whether non-indigenous researchers face more challenges in the field than native researcher when performing study activities on indigenous research participants? The authors connected the research questions to the social problem by doing a secondary research on a previous interviewed research participants and assessed their promptness to their study activities, attitude, and mannerism towards the incorporated activities and researchers. The respondents were divided into two groups; indigenous and non-indigenous community members, with the researchers evaluating each study participator's responses. The driving force of the research was to investigate instances of subject exploitations and approaches likely to appear exploitative. The authors also targetted respondents who had participated in a study investigating on issues ranked as sensitive,' thus their acceptance to participate involved stakes that were at least moderately high. The study concludes with a note that the needs of indigenous people should be prioritized thus making the study a community value-abiding one in its focus [2]. Paradigm adopted. Research has been assigned the description of a systematic investigation (Burns, 1997) as cited by Mackenzie [3] with a research paradigm recorded as the hypothetical fabric, explicit from the theory, and one influencing knowledge interpretation and study [3]. The authors adopted the constructivist paradigm; one where qualitative methods are applied even though quantitative methods can be utilized incorporating interviews, observations and visual data analysis as data collection tools [9]. The paradigm asserted that The reasons and motivation behind an individual response are dependent on whether he/she is an indigenous member of the community or not.' They interrogated persons who had a prior participation in research while failing to disclose the identity of the participants to their first researchers. The study interviewed 36 members from Victoria-Australia on reasons for their involvement in the previous research where a representative sample from each group was absorbed. A physi cal interview was chiefly used on the original participants with telephone interview incorporated depending on a participants availability for interview. The data collected delved on their opinion on; (a) the approach employed by the researchers towards them, (b) their attitude to the study and (c) the motivation they expected from investigators. Though the respondents produced their independent responses, high response similarity was recorded in each group. The sample population selected responded to similar questions, except for indigenous participators who tackled further filter probing. The non-indigenous population was noted to employ minimal attention to the why factors,' unlike their indigenous counterparts. Most non-indigenous participants consented inclusion with the intent of; helping others, individual interests or possessing face value trust in the recruiting medical practitioners [2]. The native participants consented to the study inclusion after careful and insightful thought on the researchers' credibility and the importance of the research to the community. The constructivist paradigm achieved its purpose by collecting study participants individual opinion that is independent of external influence. Population and the sample A study population is a group of people from whom a researcher can legitimately assign the study's conclusions on [8] with the target population being the whole team under interest. Nevertheless, this population is not always accessible, and due to numerous practicalities (funding, time, ethics), the researcher is unable to reach every individual of interest thus a proportion (sample) of it is selected for a study. The studys sample was selected from previous sensitive perceived studies participants in Australia, who were contacted via letters and later interviewed with the consent of their respective researchers. The sample contained 36 members; 24 women and 11 men, of ages between 18 and 70 years. The sample comprised of 28 non-indigenous and eight indigenous participants. Its worth noting the unfortunate situation of the study harboring only eight native participants despite the high effort put into recruitment. The authors speculated this was due to (a) indigenous people failure to identify the studys incident vitality towards their society, (b) lack of trust in the institution carrying out the study; a research university, (c) feelings of involvement burnout and (d) individual and time commitments. The study gave the report dependent on the sample even though small. Conclusively, responses recorded high consistency, exhibiting the thoughtfulness and articulateness of the respondents. The participants agreed to participate in this research mainly because they considered the act beneficial to their community. The authors concluded that the responses adequately represented the populations voice since they held the notion that views given were information-rich. Therefore, there lacked a point of invalidating the findings. Other researchers on qualitative data have highlighted various arguments on the sample size concerning the entire population. Mathematically, a small sample size is a recipe to committing type II error: where the null hypothesis is not rejected when false [8]. However, other literature backs the choice of a small but representative sample size with their explanations; cost likely to be incurred if many respondents are interviewed, e.t.c. The qualitative research, however, seeks in-depth inquiry into every social aspect thus the concept of the sample size does not bear much weight [7] Ethical Issue. In the field of research, ethics can be considered as the protection and confidentiality of interviewees. Ethics promotes cooperation and understanding between researcher and respondents thus efficient information/data sharing and acquisition. The authors upheld ethics by: Gaining the consent of prior researchers thus granting them access their participants (after which they sent invitation letters to the targeted sample), withholding participants identity (those who yielded to the research inclusion). This promoted privacy of the respondent and could serve as a motivation to give more intimate responses to this and future studies. interviewing participants for a duration of 3060 minutes and the audio-recorded interactions were to be passed for afterward transcription only with the member's permission. Letters of invitation consisted of project information and contacts for authenticity. Similar researchers have emphasized the importance of ethics in research; [6] state presence of various reason for upholding it: Norms promote the aims of the review, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error. Measures utilized to ensure ethics were sufficiently simplified, and adequately served towards the respondents prompt information sharing and views outsourcing owing to the long responses given, and line of thoughts articulated. A high number of respondent produced negative views about some of the former researchers evidencing that the authors approach was favorable to the respondents. The research targeted people perceived as vulnerable or requiring particular ethical attention. The issues under the prior investigation were mostly private or sensitive. Having that knowledge and the response effectiveness; this shows the approach used was the most appropriate (It produced a 100% response rate; 36/36 valid responses). Findings. The authors have brought out clear discrepancies between indigenous and non-indigenous research participation. The indigenous participated in the research after considering: (a) benefits of the research to their society, (b) their safety from any involvement in risky situations due to their vulnerability and (c) among others, the researchers truthfulness, reciprocity, and reputation. However, this was contrary to the non-indigenous participants who only assessed face value of investigators' assertation. It is thus important to note that motivation and decision-making processes in indigenous and non-indigenous participants are not necessarily the same. These findings display a tendency of easier exploitation of the non-indigenous participants by opportunistic researchers. The indigenous are unlikely to suffer from such abuse. The deduction also aids future studies to invest in inserting cover letters in all their questionnaires to boost response rate and promote trust. The knowledge a s to why and how participants choose to participate is vital, especially when dealing with people who have had a record of exploitative and harmful research practices. About nearly all indigenous research participators in an urge to promote their response effectiveness, a native researcher should be sought due to a likelihood of shared understanding and expectation. In most instances unwillingness to participate may be fuelled by a respondent anger. The upset feelings can emanate from personal experiences and/or be negatively-intrigue/disturbed [4]. The presence of two distinct groups of respondents poses a significant research problem: selection bias. To tackle the selection bias, a need arises for a "pre-test sensitization" procedure to gauge personal psychology or behavior [5]. It is worth noting the role of protocol when dealing with indigenous research participants. 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